This is the third post from a series that examines linguistics of the Tamil language. In this post we take an introductory look at the script.
Like the sounds of Tamil, the letters are also divided into three categories உயிர் ('uyir' meaning life), மெய் ('mei' meaning body), and உயிர்மெய் ('uyirmei' meaning life-body).
The vowels in order are
அ, short 'a' like a in again
ஆ, long 'a' like a in ardor
இ, short 'e' like i in igloo
ஈ, long 'e' like i in machine
உ, short 'u' like oo in book
ஊ, long 'u' like oo in school
எ, slight variation of a like the first e in elephant
ஏ, longer version of ஏ, like a in able.
ஐ, like 'ai' in aisle
ஒ, short 'o' like o in obey
ஓ, long 'o' like oa in oar
ஔ, 'au' like ou in ouch!
The consonants in order are
க், 'k' in book
ங், 'ng' in sing
ச், 'ch' in switch
ஞ், 'gn'
ட், final 't' in test
ண், 'n', sounded with the tip of the tongue touching the palate.
த், 'th' in truth
ப், 'p' in soup
ம், 'm' in dime
ய், 'y' in cry
ர், 'r' in car. This is a tap with the tip of the tongue touching just behind the teeth.
ல், 'l' in love. Sounded like ர்.
வ், 'v' in love.
ழ், We'll take a detailed look in a separate post. For now refer [ɻ] in the IPA chart.
ள், 'l'. This is a retroflex; sounded with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the hard palate.
ற், 'tr' in trick. A trill; tongue touches palate just behind the teeth, vibrating when air is exhaled.
ன், 'n' in nice.
இக்கால தமிழ் மரபு (Chapters 2-4)
GU Pope, A Handbook of the Ordinary Dialect of the Tamil Language
Like the sounds of Tamil, the letters are also divided into three categories உயிர் ('uyir' meaning life), மெய் ('mei' meaning body), and உயிர்மெய் ('uyirmei' meaning life-body).
Vowels (உயிர் எழுத்து)
The vowels in order are
அ, short 'a' like a in again
ஆ, long 'a' like a in ardor
இ, short 'e' like i in igloo
ஈ, long 'e' like i in machine
உ, short 'u' like oo in book
ஊ, long 'u' like oo in school
எ, slight variation of a like the first e in elephant
ஏ, longer version of ஏ, like a in able.
ஐ, like 'ai' in aisle
ஒ, short 'o' like o in obey
ஓ, long 'o' like oa in oar
ஔ, 'au' like ou in ouch!
Pure Consonants (மெய் எழுத்து)
The consonants in order are
க், 'k' in book
ங், 'ng' in sing
ச், 'ch' in switch
ஞ், 'gn'
ட், final 't' in test
ண், 'n', sounded with the tip of the tongue touching the palate.
த், 'th' in truth
ப், 'p' in soup
ம், 'm' in dime
ய், 'y' in cry
ர், 'r' in car. This is a tap with the tip of the tongue touching just behind the teeth.
ல், 'l' in love. Sounded like ர்.
வ், 'v' in love.
ழ், We'll take a detailed look in a separate post. For now refer [ɻ] in the IPA chart.
ள், 'l'. This is a retroflex; sounded with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the hard palate.
ற், 'tr' in trick. A trill; tongue touches palate just behind the teeth, vibrating when air is exhaled.
ன், 'n' in nice.
Aytham (அயுத எழுத்து)
The Tamil alphabet includes on special character denoted by vertices of a triangle, ஃ, pronounced அக்கு ('akhu'). This letter does not have the properties of a vowel or a consonant but it often included at the last of the vowels.Compound Letters (உயிர்மெய் எழுத்து)
The Tamil alphabet has 247 characters*. The set is formed by combining the 12 vowels, 18 consonants, the special character 'aytham' and a handful of additional characters. Although the compound form is called உயிர்மெய் (life-body) with life (vowel) leading body (consonant), the compound sound always starts with the pure consonant sound. Also, the compound letter is always a modification of the letter used to represent the pure consonant.
Here we look at the compound letters and associated sounds formed when a consonant combines with the vowels.
க் + அ = க
க் + ஆ = கா
க் + இ = கி
க் + ஈ = கீ
க் + உ = கு
க் + ஊ = கூ
க் + எ = கெ
க் + ஏ = கே
க் + ஐ = கை
க் + ஒ = கொ
க் + ஓ = கோ
க் + ஔ = கௌ
The sound represented by each letter is simply the combination of the pure consonant and vowel sounds (see compound form).
* Modern Tamil introduced a few consonants (ஜ், க்ஷ், ஸ், ஹ் etc.) to represent sounds from other languages such as Sanskrit, English. These are not included in the standard character set.
Complete set of Tamil Letters
அ | ஆ | இ | ஈ | உ | ஊ | எ | ஏ | ஐ | ஒ | ஓ | ஔ | ஃ |
க | கா | கி | கீ | கு | கூ | கெ | கே | கை | கொ | கோ | கௌ | க் |
ங | ஙா | ஙி | ஙீ | ஙு | ஙூ | ஙெ | ஙே | ஙை | ஙொ | ஙோ | ஙௌ | ங் |
ச | சா | சி | சீ | சு | சூ | செ | சே | சை | சொ | சோ | சௌ | ச் |
ஞ | ஞா | ஞி | ஞீ | ஞு | ஞூ | ஞெ | ஞே | ஞை | ஞொ | ஞோ | ஞௌ | ஞ் |
ட | டா | டி | டீ | டு | டூ | டெ | டே | டை | டொ | டோ | டௌ | ட் |
ண | ணா | ணி | ணீ | ணு | ணூ | ணெ | ணே | ணை | ணொ | ணோ | ணௌ | ண் |
த | தா | தி | தீ | து | தூ | தெ | தே | தை | தொ | தோ | தௌ | த் |
ந | நா | நி | நீ | நு | நூ | நெ | நே | நை | நொ | நோ | நௌ | ந் |
ப | பா | பி | பீ | பு | பூ | பெ | பே | பை | பொ | போ | பௌ | ப் |
ம | மா | மி | மீ | மு | மூ | மெ | மே | மை | மொ | மோ | மௌ | ம் |
ய | யா | யி | யீ | யு | யூ | யெ | யே | யை | யொ | யோ | யௌ | ய் |
ர | ரா | ரி | ரீ | ரு | ரூ | ரெ | ரே | ரை | ரொ | ரோ | ரௌ | ர் |
ல | லா | லி | லீ | லு | லூ | லெ | லே | லை | லொ | லோ | லௌ | ல் |
வ | வா | வி | வீ | வு | வூ | வெ | வே | வை | வொ | வோ | வௌ | வ் |
ழ | ழா | ழி | ழீ | ழு | ழூ | ழெ | ழே | ழை | ழொ | ழோ | ழௌ | ழ் |
ள | ளா | ளி | ளீ | ளு | ளூ | ளெ | ளே | ளை | ளொ | ளோ | ளௌ | ள் |
ற | றா | றி | றீ | று | றூ | றெ | றே | றை | றொ | றோ | றௌ | ற் |
ன | னா | னி | னீ | னு | னூ | னெ | னே | னை | னொ | னோ | னௌ | ன் |
Learning and Teaching the Alphabet
When learning a language, or when teaching it, we always tend to start with the script. And that too by naming the letters like so,
அ...ஆனா, ஆ...ஆவன்னா, இ...இனா.
This method serves no purpose and it would be in the interest of both student and teacher to learn the sounds of the language instead. Associating the sound with a letter will also help students read faster which is impossible to do if you learn the letters by name.
அ...ஆனா, ஆ...ஆவன்னா, இ...இனா.
This method serves no purpose and it would be in the interest of both student and teacher to learn the sounds of the language instead. Associating the sound with a letter will also help students read faster which is impossible to do if you learn the letters by name.
References:
இக்கால தமிழ் மரபு (Chapters 2-4)GU Pope, A Handbook of the Ordinary Dialect of the Tamil Language
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